uz_assignments/assignment2/uz_framework/image.py

import numpy as np
import cv2 as cv2
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image
from typing import Union
import numpy.typing as npt
import enum

class ImageType(enum.Enum):
    uint8 = 0
    float64 = 1

class DistanceMeasure(enum.Enum):
    euclidian_distance = 0
    chi_square_distance = 1
    intersection_distance = 2
    hellinger_distance = 3

def imread(path: str, type: ImageType) -> Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]:
    """
    Reads an image in RGB order. Image type is transformed from uint8 to float, and
    range of values is reduced from [0, 255] to [0, 1].
    """
    I = Image.open(path).convert('RGB')  # PIL image.
    I = np.asarray(I)  # Converting to Numpy array.
    if type == ImageType.float64:
        I = I.astype(np.float64) / 255
        return I
    elif type == ImageType.uint8:
        return I

    raise Exception(f"Unrecognized image format! {type}")


def imread_gray(path: str, type: ImageType) -> Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]:
    """
    Reads an image in gray. Image type is transformed from uint8 to float, and
    range of values is reduced from [0, 255] to [0, 1].
    """

    I = Image.open(path).convert('L')  # PIL image opening and converting to gray.
    I = np.asarray(I)  # Converting to Numpy array.

    if type == ImageType.float64:
        I = I.astype(np.float64) / 255
        return I
    elif type == ImageType.uint8:
        return I

    raise Exception("Unrecognized image format!")

def signal_show(*signals):
    """
    Plots all given 1D signals in the same plot.
    Signals can be Python lists or 1D numpy array.
    """
    for s in signals:
        if type(s) == np.ndarray:
            s = s.squeeze()
        plt.plot(s)
    plt.show()


def convolve(I: np.ndarray, *ks):
    """
    Convolves input image I with all given kernels.

    :param I: Image, should be of type float64 and scaled from 0 to 1.
    :param ks: 2D Kernels
    :return: Image convolved with all kernels.
    """
    for k in ks:
        k = np.flip(k)  # filter2D performs correlation, so flipping is necessary
        I = cv2.filter2D(I, cv2.CV_64F, k)
    return I

def transform_coloured_image_to_grayscale(image: npt.NDArray[np.float64]) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """
    Accepts float64 picture with three colour channels and returns float64 grayscale image
    with one channel.
    """
    grayscale_image = np.zeros(image.shape[:2])

    for i in range(image.shape[0]):
        for j in range(image.shape[1]):
            grayscale_image[i, j] = (image[i, j, 0] + image[i,j, 1] + image[i, j, 2]) / 3


    return grayscale_image

def invert_coloured_image_part(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]], startx: int, endx: int, starty: int, endy: int) -> Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]:
    """
    Accepts image, starting position end end position for axes x & y. Returns whole image with inverted part.
    """
    inverted_image = image.copy() 

    if image.dtype.type == np.float64:     
        for i in range(startx, endx):
            for j in range(starty, endy):
                inverted_image[i, j, 0] = 1 - image[i, j, 0]
                inverted_image[i, j, 1] = 1 - image[i, j, 1]
                inverted_image[i, j, 2] = 1 - image[i, j, 2]
        return inverted_image
    elif image.dtype.type == np.uint8:
        for i in range(startx, endx):
            for j in range(starty, endy):
                inverted_image[i, j, 0] = 255 - image[i, j, 0]
                inverted_image[i, j, 1] = 255 - image[i, j, 1]
                inverted_image[i, j, 2] = 255 - image[i, j, 2]
        return inverted_image

    raise Exception("Unrecognized image format!")

def invert_coloured_image(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]) -> Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]:
    """
    Accepts image and inverts it
    """
    return invert_coloured_image_part(image, 0, image.shape[0], 0, image.shape[1])

def calculate_best_treshold_using_otsu_method(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]]) -> int:
    """
    Accepts image and returns best treshold using otsu method
    """

    if image.dtype.type == np.float64: 
        im = image.copy()
        im  = im * (255.0/im.max())
    elif image.dtype.type == np.uint8:
        im = image.copy()
    else:
        raise Exception("Unrecognized image format!")
        
    treshold_range = np.arange(np.max(im) + 1) 
    criterias = []

    for treshold in treshold_range:
        # create the thresholded image
        thresholded_im = np.zeros(im.shape)

        thresholded_im[im >= treshold] = 1

        # compute weights
        nb_pixels = im.size
        nb_pixels1 = np.count_nonzero(thresholded_im)
        weight1 = nb_pixels1 / nb_pixels
        weight0 = 1 - weight1

        # if one the classes is empty, eg all pixels are below or above the threshold, that threshold will not be considered
        # in the search for the best threshold
        if weight1 == 0 or weight0 == 0:
            continue 

        # find all pixels belonging to each class
        val_pixels1 = im[thresholded_im == 1]
        val_pixels0 = im[thresholded_im == 0]

        # compute variance of these classes
        var0 = np.var(val_pixels0) if len(val_pixels0) > 0 else 0
        var1 = np.var(val_pixels1) if len(val_pixels1) > 0 else 0

        criterias.append( weight0 * var0 + weight1 * var1)

    best_threshold = treshold_range[np.argmin(criterias)]
    return best_threshold


def get_image_bins_for_loop(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]], number_of_bins: int) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """
    Accepts image in the float64 format or uint8, returns normailzed
    image bins, histogram
    """
    if image.dtype.type == np.float64 or image.dtype.type == np.uint8: 
        bin_restrictions = np.linspace(np.min(image), np.max(image), num=number_of_bins)
    else:
        raise Exception("Unrecognized image format!")

    bins = np.zeros(number_of_bins).astype(np.float64)

    for pixel in image.reshape(-1):
        # https://stackoverflow.com/a/16244044
        bins[np.argmax(bin_restrictions > pixel)] += 1

    return bins / np.sum(bins)


# Much faster implementation than for loop
def get_image_bins(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]], number_of_bins: int) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    """
    Accepts image in the float64 format or uint8, returns normailzed
    image bins, histogram
    """
    if image.dtype.type == np.float64 or image.dtype.type == np.uint8: 
        bins = np.linspace(np.min(image), np.max(image), num=number_of_bins)
    else:
        raise Exception("Unrecognized image format!")

    # Put pixels into classes
    # ex. binsize = 10 then 0.4 would map into 4
    binarray = np.digitize(image.reshape(-1), bins).astype(np.uint8)

    # Now count those values 
    binarray = np.unique(binarray, return_counts=True)

    counts = binarray[1].astype(np.float64) # Get the counts out of tuple

    # Check if there is any empty bin
    empty_bins = []
    bins = binarray[0]
    for i in range(1, number_of_bins + 1):
        if i not in bins:
            empty_bins.append(i)
    
    # Add empty bins with zeros
    if empty_bins != []:
        for i in empty_bins:
            counts = np.insert(counts, i - 1, 0)

    return counts

def get_image_bins_ND(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]], number_of_bins: int) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]:
    
    bs = [] 
    hist = np.zeros((number_of_bins, number_of_bins, number_of_bins))
    if image.dtype.type == np.uint8:
        bins = np.linspace(0, 255, num=number_of_bins) 
    elif image.dtype.type == np.float64:
        bins = np.linspace(0, 1, num=number_of_bins) 
    else:
        raise Exception('Unsuported datatype!')

    for i in range(image.shape[2]):
        v = image[:, :, i].reshape(-1)
        bs.append(np.digitize(v, bins).astype(np.uint32))

    for i in range(len(bs[0])):
        hist[bs[2][i] -1, bs[1][i] -1, bs[0][i] - 1] += 1

    return hist / np.sum(hist)

def compare_two_histograms(h1: npt.NDArray[np.float64], h2: npt.NDArray[np.float64], method: DistanceMeasure) -> float:

    if method == DistanceMeasure.euclidian_distance:
        d = np.sqrt(np.sum(np.square(h1 - h2)))
    elif method == DistanceMeasure.chi_square_distance:
        d = 0.5 * np.sum(np.square(h1 - h2) / (h1 + h2 + np.finfo(float).eps))
    elif method == DistanceMeasure.intersection_distance:
        d = 1 - np.sum(np.minimum(h1, h2))
    elif method == DistanceMeasure.hellinger_distance:
        d = np.sqrt(0.5 * np.sum(np.square(np.sqrt(h1) - np.sqrt(h2))))
    else:
        raise Exception('Unsuported method chosen!')

    return d.astype(float)
    

def apply_mask_on_image(image: Union[npt.NDArray[np.float64],  npt.NDArray[np.uint8]], mask: npt.NDArray[np.uint8]):
    """
    Accepts image and applys mask to image
    """
    image = image.copy()

    mask = np.expand_dims(mask, axis=2) 
    image = mask * image

    return image

def gauss_noise(I, magnitude=.1):
    # input: image, magnitude of noise
    # output: modified image

    return I + np.random.normal(size=I.shape) * magnitude


def sp_noise(I, percent=.1):
    # input: image, percent of corrupted pixels
    # output: modified image

    res = I.copy()

    res[np.random.rand(I.shape[0], I.shape[1]) < percent / 2] = 1
    res[np.random.rand(I.shape[0], I.shape[1]) < percent / 2] = 0

    return res